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1 lexical\ SDs
include: metaphor, personification; metonymy, synecdoche; cluster SDs; play on words, irony, epithet, hyperbole, understatement, oxymoronSee: set expressions, cluster SDs, syntactical SDs, lexico-syntactical SDs, stylistic deviceEnglish-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > lexical\ SDs
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2 lexical\ stylistic\ devices
include: metaphor, personification; metonymy, synecdoche; cluster SDs; play on words, irony, epithet, hyperbole, understatement, oxymoronSee: set expressions, cluster SDs, syntactical SDs, lexico-syntactical SDs, stylistic deviceEnglish-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > lexical\ stylistic\ devices
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3 cluster\ SDs
a small group (cluster) of SDs, which- operate on the same linguistic mechanism: namely, one word-form is deliberately used in two meanings;- have humorous effect, and- include: pun or paronomasia, zeugma, violation of phraseological units, semantically false chains, nonsense of non-sequence;See: lexical SDs, syntactical SDs, lexico-syntactical SDs, stylistic deviceSource: V.A.K.English-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > cluster\ SDs
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4 lexico-syntactical\ SDs
certain structures, whose emphasis depends not only on the arrangement of sentence members but also on the lexico-semantic aspect of the utterance (V.A.K.)See: lexical SDs, cluster SDs, syntactical SDs, stylistic deviceEnglish-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > lexico-syntactical\ SDs
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5 syntactical\ SDs
include: sentence length, one-word sentences, punctuation, rhetorical question, parallel construction, chiasmus, inversion, suspense, detachment, ellipsis, one-member sentences, apokoinu constructions, break-in-the-narrative, polysyndeton, asyndeton, attachmentEnglish-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > syntactical\ SDs
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6 SD
is a conscious and intentional intensification of some typical structural and/or semantic property of a language unit (neutral or expressive) promoted to a generalised status and thus becoming a generative model (I.R.G.) - намеренное и сознательное усиление какой-либо типической структурной и/или семантической черты языковой единицы (нейтральной или экспрессивной), достигшее обобщения и типизации и ставшее таким образом порождающей моделью. (перевод I.V.A.)Types: lexical SDs, cluster SDs, syntactical SDs; lexico-syntactical SDsSee: expressive means, convergence, foregroundingEnglish-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > SD
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7 stylistic\ device
is a conscious and intentional intensification of some typical structural and/or semantic property of a language unit (neutral or expressive) promoted to a generalised status and thus becoming a generative model (I.R.G.) - намеренное и сознательное усиление какой-либо типической структурной и/или семантической черты языковой единицы (нейтральной или экспрессивной), достигшее обобщения и типизации и ставшее таким образом порождающей моделью. (перевод I.V.A.)Types: lexical SDs, cluster SDs, syntactical SDs; lexico-syntactical SDsSee: expressive means, convergence, foregroundingEnglish-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > stylistic\ device
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8 antonomasia
type 1: a lexical SD in which a proper name is used instead of a common noun, i.e. a lexical SD in which the nominal meaning of a proper name is suppressed by its logical meaning or the logical meaning acquires the new - nominal - componentHe took little satisfaction in telling each Mary [=any female], shortly after she arrived, something... (Th. Dreiser)
"Your fur and his Caddy are a perfect match". I respect history: "Don't you know that Detroit was founded by Sir Antoine de la Mothe Caddilac, French fur trader". (J.O'Hara)
type 2: (vice versa) a common noun serves as an individualising nameThere are three doctors in an illness like yours. I don't mean only my self, my partner and the radiologist who does your X-rays, the three I'm referring to are Dr. Rest, Dr. Diet and Dr. Fresh Air. (D.Cusack)
type 3: "speaking names" whose origin from common nouns is still clearly perceivedThe next speaker was a tall gloomy man. Sir Something Somebody. (J.B.Priestley)
Miss Languish - Мисс Томней, Mr. Backbite - М-р Клевентаун, Mr. Credulous - М-р Доверч, Mr. Snake - М-р Гад (Sheridan)
Lord Chatterino - Лорд Балаболо, John Jaw - Джон Брех, Island Leap-High - Остров Высокопрыгия (F.Cooper)
Mr. What's-his-name, Mr. Owl Eyes, Colonel Slidebottom, Lady Teazle, Mr. Surface, Miss Tomboy, Miss Sarcastic, Miss Sneerface, Lady Bracknell
Source: V.A.K.••- особое использование собственных имён: переход собственных имён в нарицательные (Дон Жуан), или превращение слова, раскрывающего суть характера, в собственное имя персонажа, как в комедиях Р.Шеридана, или замена собственного имени названием связанного с данным лицом события или предмета.Source: I.V.A.See: lexical SDsEnglish-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > antonomasia
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9 lexico-syntactical\ stylistic\ devices
certain structures, whose emphasis depends not only on the arrangement of sentence members but also on the lexico-semantic aspect of the utterance (V.A.K.)See: lexical SDs, cluster SDs, syntactical SDs, stylistic deviceEnglish-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > lexico-syntactical\ stylistic\ devices
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10 syntactical\ stylistic\ devices
include: sentence length, one-word sentences, punctuation, rhetorical question, parallel construction, chiasmus, inversion, suspense, detachment, ellipsis, one-member sentences, apokoinu constructions, break-in-the-narrative, polysyndeton, asyndeton, attachmentEnglish-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > syntactical\ stylistic\ devices
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11 epithet
foregrounding the emotive meaning of the word to suppress its denotational meaning- is the most widely used lexical SD;- expresses characteristics of an object, both existing and imaginary;- semantically there should be differentiated two main groups:- affective epithets- figurative epithets- transferred epithets;- structurally there should be differentiated: single epithets, pair epithets, chains or strings, two-step structures, inverted constructions, phrase-attributes- chains of epithets or strings of epithets- inverted epithets or reversed epithetsSource: V.A.K.••a stylistic device based on the interplay of emotive and logical meaning in an attributive word, phrase or even sentence, used to characterise and object and pointing out to the reader, and frequently imposing on him, some of the properties or features of the object with the aim of giving an individual perception and evaluation of these features or properties"wild wind", "loud ocean", "remorseless dash of billows", "formidable waves", "heart-burning smile"; "destructive charms", "glorious sight", "encouraging smile"
Source: I.R.G.••1) экспрессивная оценочная характеристика какого-либо явления, лица или предмета, иногда, но необязательно, образная;2) лексико-синтаксический троп, отличается необязательно переносным характером выражающего его слова и обязательным наличием в нём эмотивных или экспрессивных или других коннотаций, благодаря которым выражается отношения автора к предметуРазличают:- постоянные эпитеты (conventional/standing epithet): lady gay, fair lady, fair England, salt seas, salt tears, true love;a) тавтологические эпитеты: soft pillow, green wood;b) оценочные эпитеты: bonny boy, bonnie young page, bonnie ship, bonnie isle; false steward, proud porter;c) описательные эпитеты: silk napkin, silver cups, long tables;- эпитеты частного характера выделяют в предметах и явлениях те качества, которые имею значение для данного мышления и не образуют постоянных парА.Н.Веселовский семантически делит эпитеты на:a) тавтологические эпитеты - семантически согласованные эпитеты, подчёркивающие какое-нибудь основное свойство необходимое определяемого: fair sun, the sable night, wide sea, т.е. повторяющие в своём составе сему, обозначающую неотъемлемое свойствоb) пояснительные эпитеты указывают на какую-нибудь важную черту определяемого, не обязательно присущую всему классу предметов, к которым он принадлежит, т.е. действительно характеризующую именного его: a grand Style, unvalued jewels, vast and trunkless legs of stonec) метафорические эпитеты - эпитет с обязательной двуплановостью, указанием сходства и несходства, семантическим рассогласованием, нарушением отмеченности:- анимистические, когда неодушевлённому предмету приписывается свойство живого существа: and angry sky, the howling storm;- антропоморфные, приписывающие человеческие свойства и действия животному или предмету:: laughing valleys, surly sullen bells;Source: I.V.A.Her umbrella blocked the sun's rays but nothing blocked the heat - the sort of raw, wild heat that crushes you with its energy. (St.Lord - The Chapel)
See: lexical SDsEnglish-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > epithet
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12 metaphor
transference of names based on the associated likeness between two objects, on the similarity of one feature common to two different entities, on possessing one common characteristic, on linguistic semantic nearness, on a common component in their semantic structures."pancake" for the "sun" (round, hot, yellow)
"silver dust" and "sequins" for "stars"
The expressiveness is promoted by the implicit simultaneous presence of images of both objects - the one which is actually named and the one which supplies its own "legal" name, while each one enters a phrase in the complexity of its other characteristics.The wider is the gap between the associated objects the more striking and unexpected - the more expressive - is the metaphor.His voice was a dagger of corroded brass. (S.Lewis)
They walked alone, two continents of experience and feeling, unable to communicate. (W.S.Gilbert)
Source: V.A.K.••a) the power of realising two lexical meanings simultaneouslyb) a SD when two different phenomena (things, events, ideas, actions) are simultaneously brought to mind by the imposition of some or all of the inherent properties of one object on the other which by nature is deprived of these propertiesSource: I.R.G.••скрытое сравнение, основанное на ассоциации по сходству, осуществляемое путём применения названия одного предмета к другому и выявляющее таким образом какую-нибудь важную черту второго (I.V.A.)English-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > metaphor
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13 affective\ epithet
serves to convey the emotional evaluation of the object by the speaker (V.A.K.)"gorgeous", "nasty", "magnificent", "atrocious"
See: figurative epithet or transferred epithet, epithet, lexical SDsEnglish-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > affective\ epithet
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14 allusion
an indirect reference, by word or phrase, to a historical, literary, mythological, biblical fact or to a fact of everyday life made in the course of speaking or writingNo little Grandgrind had ever associated a cow in a field with that famous cow with the crumpled horn that tossed the dog that worried the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt, or with that yet more famous cow swallowed Tom Thumb; it had never heard of those celebrities (Ch.Dickens - Hard Times)
(The meaning that can be derived from the two allusions, one to the nursery rhyme "The House that Jack build" and the other to the old tale "The history of Tom Thumb")Source: I.R.G."Don't count your boobies until they are hatched"(J.Thurber)
See: set expressions, lexical SDsEnglish-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > allusion
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15 epigram
a) a SD akin to a proverb, the only difference being that epigrams are coined by individuals whose names we know, while proverbs are the coinage of the peopleb) terse, witty, pointed statement, showing the ingenious turn of mind of the originatorA God that can be understood is no God. (S.Maugham)
A thing of beauty is a joy forever. (Keats)
He that bends shall be made straight. (S.Maugham)
Art is triumphant when it can use convention as an instrument of its own purpose. (S.Maugham - The Razor's Edge)
Source: I.R.G.See: set expressions, lexical SDsEnglish-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > epigram
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16 figurative\ epithet
"the smiling sun", "the frowning cloud", "the sleepless pillow", "the tobacco-stained smile", a "ghost-like face", "a dreamlike experience", "triumphant look"
See: affective epithet, epithet, lexical SDsEnglish-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > figurative\ epithet
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17 hyperbole
a stylistic device in which emphasis is achieved through deliberate exaggerationIt does not signify the actual state of affairs in reality, but presents the latter through the emotionally coloured perception and rendering of the speaker.My vegetable love should grow faster than empires. (A.Marvell)
The man was like the Rock of Gibraltar.
Calpurnia was all angles and bones.
I was scared to death when he entered the room. (J.D.Salinger)
Source: V.A.K.••a deliberate overstatement or exaggeration of a feature essential (unlike periphrasis) to the object or phenomenon- is a device which sharpens the reader's ability to make a logical assessment of the utteranceHe was so tall that I was not sure he had a face. (O.Henry)
Source: I.R.G.••заведомое преувеличение, повышающее экспрессивность высказывания и сообщающее ему эмфатичность (I.V.A.)Ant.: understatementSee: lexical SDsEnglish-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > hyperbole
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18 irony
- is a stylistic device in which the contextual evaluative meaning of a word is directly opposite to its dictionary meaning- is the foregrounding not of the logical but of the evaluative meaning- is the contradiction between the said and implied- is subdivided into verbal irony and sustained ironyThe context is arranged so that the qualifying word in irony reverses the direction of the evaluation, and the word positively charged is understood as a negative qualification and (much-much rarer) vice versa. The context varies from the minimal - a word combination to the context of a whole book.The lift held two people and rose slowly, groaning with diffidence. (I.Murdoch)
Apart from splits based on politics, racial, religious and ethic backgrounds and specific personality differences, we're just one cohesive team. (D.Uhnak)
Source: V.A.K.See: lexical SDsEnglish-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > irony
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19 metonymy
transference of names based on contiguity (nearness), on extralinguistic, actually existing relations between the phenomena (objects), denoted by the words, on common grounds of existence in reality but different semantic (V.A.K.)"cup" and "tea" in "Will you have another cup?"
"My brass will call your brass" (A.Heiley)
Dinah, a slim, fresh, pale eighteen, was pliant and yet fragile. (C.Holmes)
••is based on a different type of relation between the dictionary and contextual meanings, a relation based not on identification, but on some kind of association connecting the two concepts which these meanings represent (I.R.G.)••- троп, основанный на ассоциации по смежности: вместо названия одного предмета употребляется название другого, связанного с первым постоянной внутренней или внешний связью (I.V.A.)Give everyman thy ear and few thy voice. (W.Shakespeare)
See: synecdoche, lexical SDsEnglish-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > metonymy
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20 oxymoron
a combination of two semantically contradictory notions, that help to emphasise contradictory qualities simultaneously existing in the described phenomenon as a dialectical unity (V.A.K.)"low skyscraper", "sweet sorrow", "nice rascal", "pleasantly ugly face", "horribly beautiful", "a deafening silence from Whitehall" (The Morning Star)
"The Beauty of the Dead", "to shout mutely", "to cry silently", "the street damaged by improvements" (O.Henry), "silence was louder than thunder" (J.Updike)
O brawling love! O loving hate! O heavy lightness! Serious vanity! Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick heath! (W.Shakespeare)
You have two beautiful bad examples for parents. (Sc.Fitzgerald)
••a combination of two words (mostly an adjective and a noun or an adverb with an adjective) in which the meanings of the two clash, being opposite in sense (I.R.G.)••троп, состоящий в соединении двух контрастных по значению слов ( обычно содержащих антонимичные семы), раскрывающий противоречимость описываемого.(I.V.A.)And faith unfaithful kept him falsely true. (A.Tennyson)
He had a face like a plateful of mortal sins. (B.Behan)
See: lexical SDsEnglish-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > oxymoron
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